The Dangers of Onions for Dogs

Onions, as well as other plants in the Allium genus like garlic, leeks, and chives, contain a compound called N-propyl disulfide that can damage a dog’s red blood cells. This can lead to a condition called hemolytic anemia, where the dog’s red blood cells break down faster than they can be replaced.

Symptoms of onion toxicity in dogs can include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, pale gums, rapid breathing, and even organ damage or failure in severe cases. The toxic effects can take several days to manifest, so prompt veterinary care is crucial if a dog is known to have ingested onions.

Cooked vs. Raw Onions

Whether raw or cooked, all forms of onions are considered unsafe for dogs. In fact, dried onion powder and onion-containing seasonings can be even more concentrated in the toxic compounds. So dogs should never be fed onions, whether they are part of a homemade meal or a commercial pet food.

Other Lesser-Known Onion Facts

• Onion toxicity can affect all breeds of dogs, though some may be more susceptible due to genetic factors or existing health conditions.
• Even small amounts of onion can be dangerous, with as little as 0.5% of a dog’s body weight in onions potentially causing issues.
• Onion powder, often found in pre-packaged foods and seasonings, is more potent than fresh onions and thus even more dangerous to dogs.
• Onions are not the only Allium plants that are toxic to dogs – garlic, leeks, chives, and shallots also pose similar risks.

Potential Risks of Nuts for Dogs

• Nuts are generally high in fat, which can lead to pancreatitis and obesity in dogs if consumed in large quantities.
• Certain nuts like macadamia nuts and moldy walnuts contain toxins that can be dangerous or even fatal to dogs.
  • Symptoms of nut toxicity include vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, weakness, tremors, and hyperthermia (elevated body temperature).
• The hard shells of some nuts pose a choking hazard, especially for smaller dogs. 
• Dogs can potentially develop allergic reactions to nuts, similar to humans.

Safe Nut Options for Dogs

• Peanuts and cashews are generally considered the safest nuts for dogs when fed in moderation and without added salt or seasonings.
  • A general guideline is no more than 1-2 small, unsalted nuts per day for a medium-sized dog. Portion sizes should be even smaller for smaller breeds.
• Unsalted, dry roasted or raw peanuts can provide protein and nutrients, but should still be limited.
• Peanut butter is also a safer option, as long as it does not contain xylitol, a sweetener that is toxic to dogs.

This table is a quick reference to whether a particular nut is safe for dogs or not.

Cooking Considerations

• Cooking nuts, such as by baking or roasting them, can help reduce the risk of digestive issues for dogs.
• However, even cooked nuts should still be fed sparingly, as the high fat content can still cause problems. 
• Nuts incorporated into baked goods, trail mixes, or other human foods should be avoided, as the additional ingredients may be harmful to dogs.

Can Dogs Eat Nuts with Shells?

• No, dogs should not be given nuts with the shells still on. The hard shells pose a serious choking hazard and can also cause intestinal blockages or punctures if swallowed.
• Shells are indigestible for dogs and provide no nutritional value. They should always be removed before feeding any type of nut to a dog.

Can Dogs Eat Nut-Based Products, Like Almond Milk or Peanut Oil?

• Nut-derived products like almond milk or peanut oil are generally safe for dogs in small amounts, but should be given with caution.

Other Lesser-Known Facts

• Dogs seem to have a higher tolerance for peanuts compared to other nuts, likely due to their similar protein structure to dog food ingredients.
• Nut allergies, while uncommon, can occur in dogs, so owners should watch for signs of an allergic reaction when introducing a new nut.
• Providing a varied, balanced diet is best for dogs, and nuts should only be given as an occasional treat, not a dietary staple. 

Grapes, Raisins, and Currants are Toxic for Dogs.

The Dangers of Grapes and Raisins for Dogs: What Research Shows

• While grapes and raisins are healthy snacks for humans, they pose a serious threat to our canine companions. Multiple research studies have shown that these seemingly innocuous fruits can be highly toxic to dogs, potentially leading to acute kidney failure.
• Both grapes and raisins, regardless of their type or form, have been consistently reported to cause acute kidney failure in dogs – whether seedless, seeded, green, red, organic or conventionally grown – all grapes and raisins pose a threat.
• Even small amounts can be dangerous, and there is no known safe quantity, as dogs seem to have individual sensitivities.

The Toxic Threat

• The exact reason why grapes and raisins are toxic to dogs remains a mystery, but scientists have identified some potential culprits. Recent studies suggest that compounds like tartaric acid and potassium bitartrate may be the primary toxins responsible for the dangerous effects.

What About Grapes or Raisins that Have Been Processed into Different Forms?

• Cooking the grapes or raisins does not make them any safer for dogs to consume. The toxic compounds remain present even after the fruit has been heated or processed.
• Grape jellies, juices and wines also contain these harmful substances and should be avoided.
• Raisins may actually be more dangerous than grapes, as the dehydration process can concentrate the toxic compounds.

Symptoms of Grape/Raisin Toxicity

• Dogs that ingest grapes or raisins may exhibit vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, and signs of kidney failure, such as decreased urination and abdominal pain. Prompt veterinary treatment is crucial.

Benefits of Fish for Dogs

• Fish is a valuable protein source rich in omega-3 fatty acids that can decrease inflammation and provide protection against cancer in dogs. Including cooked fish in moderation can be beneficial for your pet’s overall health. 
• Fish allergies in dogs are less common compared to other animals, making fish a suitable protein source for pets with food sensitivities. Including a variety of fish in your dog’s diet can provide essential nutrients like vitamin D, B12, phosphorus, iron, zinc, iodine, magnesium, potassium, and protein.
• Omega-3 Fatty Acids: Essential for reducing inflammation and supporting cognitive function.

Types of Fish Safe for Dogs

• Certain types of fish like anchovies, herring, salmon, sardines, whitefish, and cod are considered safe for dogs to consume. These fish are high in omega-3 fatty acids and low in mercury, making them ideal choices for your pet’s diet.

Risks with Larger Fish

• Larger fish, such as tuna and swordfish, may contain higher mercury levels, posing a risk of mercury poisoning over time.

Fish Preparations and Other Considerations

• It is not recommended to feed dogs raw fish due to the potential risks associated with bacteria like salmonella and parasites. There’s also the risk of thiamine deficiency, as some raw fish contain enzymes that break down thiamine, an essential B vitamin. Cooking fish eliminates these risks.
• Avoid feeding fish with bones, canned fish with high salt content, or fried fish as they can pose health risks to dogs. Additionally, certain types of fish like tuna, mahi-mahi, and mackerel are high in histamine and may not be suitable for dogs with mast cell cancer.
• While fish can be beneficial, it should not constitute the entirety of a dog’s diet. Over-reliance on fish can lead to nutritional imbalances.

Unscrambling the Facts

• Eggs are an excellent source of high-quality protein, vitamins (A, B12, D), minerals (iron, phosphorus, selenium, zinc), and essential fatty acids that support a dog’s health.
• Studies have shown eggs may help settle a dog’s upset stomach and can even reduce the risk of diseases like cancer, diabetes, and obesity when included in a balanced diet.

Raw vs Cooked Eggs

• Veterinarians generally advise against feeding raw eggs to dogs due to the risk of salmonella and E. coli infections. Cooking the eggs reduces this risk. 
• Raw egg whites contain an enzyme called avidin that can interfere with biotin absorption and lead to deficiencies, especially with large amounts. Cooking eggs neutralizes avidin, reducing the risk of biotin deficiency and eliminating bacteria, making cooked eggs a safer choice for dogs.

Digestibility and Nutritional Impact

• Research indicates that eggs are highly digestible and can be a valuable protein source in canine diets, supporting overall health and condition.
• Are eggshells safe for dogs?
  • Eggshells can be a good source of calcium and other minerals but should be ground into a fine powder to avoid the risk of choking or intestinal blockage.

What about the risk of allergies?

• While eggs are generally safe, some dogs might be allergic to them. Signs of an allergic reaction include itching, swelling, and gastrointestinal upset.

Moderation is Key

• Eggs should be fed to dogs in moderation as a supplement, not as a replacement for their regular balanced diet. Too many eggs can cause issues like weight gain or pancreatitis in some dogs. 
• The recommended amount varies by the dog’s size, weight, and health status, so it’s best to consult a veterinarian before regularly feeding eggs.

Can Dogs Safely Eat Mushrooms?

• Mushrooms are a diverse fungal group and vary widely in their safety and nutritional value for dogs. See table below for safe varieties.
• Cooking edible mushrooms can make them easier to digest for dogs and reduce the risk of mild stomach upset.
• Dogs should still only consume mushrooms in moderation, as the high fiber content can cause digestive upset.

These are mushrooms that are generally recognized as safe for dogs.

The Dangers of Wild Mushrooms

• The biggest concern with dogs and mushrooms is the potential for poisoning from wild, toxic varieties. Veterinarians and mushroom experts agree that dogs cannot reliably distinguish safe mushrooms from deadly ones through smell or taste. 
• Ingesting even a small amount of a toxic mushroom can have severe, potentially fatal consequences for dogs. Some of the most dangerous wild mushrooms for dogs include the death cap (Amanita phalloides), the destroying angel (Amanita bisporigera), and the autumn skullcap (Galerina marginata). 
• These mushrooms can cause symptoms like vomiting, diarrhea, lethargy, seizures, and liver/kidney failure.
• Cooking does not destroy the toxins present in inherently poisonous mushrooms, which can remain lethal even after being cooked.
• Many toxic mushrooms closely resemble edible varieties, making it risky for dog owners to pick wild mushrooms for their pets.
• Symptom Delay:
  • In some cases, symptoms of mushroom poisoning in dogs may not appear immediately, complicating diagnosis and treatment.
  • If you suspect your dog has eaten wild mushrooms, contact your veterinarian or an emergency vet clinic immediately, even if your dog shows no immediate symptoms.

Types of Chocolate and Toxicity Levels

• Dark Chocolate: Contains the highest concentration of theobromine, ranging from 130 to 450 milligrams per ounce, making it the most toxic for dogs.
• Milk Chocolate: Contains lower theobromine levels, around 45 to 58 mg per ounce, posing a lesser threat compared to dark chocolate.
• White Chocolate: Poses minimal risk with only 0.25 mg of theobromine per ounce.

Symptoms of Chocolate Toxicity

• Initial symptoms typically appear within 6 to 12 hours and may include vomiting, diarrhea, increased thirst, restlessness, increased heart rate, muscle tremors, seizures, and even coma.
• Severe cases can lead to irregular heart rate, reduced circulation, drop in body temperature, lethargy, and potentially death.

Research Studies and Findings

1. A study analyzed data from the Small Animal Veterinary Surveillance Network (SAVSNET) in the UK and found that dogs are four times more likely to be brought to a vet with suspected chocolate poisoning around Christmas compared to other times of the year.
2. Another study analyzed 156 cases of dogs after chocolate ingestion. It found that dark and bitter chocolates were more commonly associated with clinical signs like agitation, tremors, vomiting, panting, polyuria/polydipsia, and diarrhea.

Treatment and Prevention

• Treatment for chocolate toxicity involves inducing vomiting or administering activated charcoal to prevent absorption of toxins. Prognosis is good if effective decontamination of the chocolate is done within 2-4 hours of ingestion.
• Owners should ensure chocolate is kept out of reach of pets and be aware of the potential dangers associated with different types of chocolate.

Bacon and Canine Health

• High Fat Content: Regular consumption of fatty foods like bacon can lead to pancreatitis in dogs, a serious and painful condition.
• Salt and Preservatives: The sodium and preservatives in bacon, which make it tasty, can be harmful to dogs, leading to dehydration and an increased risk of heart disease.

Raw vs. Cooked Bacon

• Both raw and cooked bacon pose risks to dogs due to their high fat and salt content. While cooking bacon may reduce some bacterial risks associated with raw meat, it does not eliminate the health concerns related to its fat and sodium levels. Therefore, it is advisable to avoid feeding both raw and cooked bacon to dogs to prevent potential health issues.

Alternatives to Traditional Bacon

Exploring other types of bacon, such as turkey bacon and Canadian bacon, may offer safer alternatives for dogs.

• Turkey Bacon: Turkey bacon, lower in fat than traditional pork bacon, can be a slightly healthier option, but it still contains high levels of sodium and preservatives.
• Canadian Bacon: Canadian bacon, leaner than regular bacon, presents a lower fat content but should still be offered in moderation due to its salt content.

The Use of Bacon Grease

Bacon grease, while flavorful, carries the same risks as bacon itself due to its high fat and sodium levels.

• Health Implications of Bacon Grease: Using bacon fat as a flavor enhancer for dog food can lead to the same health issues associated with bacon, including pancreatitis and obesity.

Parts of an Avocado

• Flesh of Avocado The flesh of an avocado is rich in healthy fats and nutrients, beneficial in moderation. However, it’s vital to consider individual dog’s dietary needs and potential allergies.
• Pit, Skin, and Leaves The pit and skin of avocados, along with the leaves, contain persin, a fungicidal toxin that can be harmful to dogs if ingested in large quantities. These parts also pose choking hazards and should be kept away from pets.

Nutritional Benefits vs. Risks

Avocados offer a complex mix of benefits and risks for dogs.

• Healthy Fats and Vitamins Avocados are a source of monounsaturated fats, which can support coat health and reduce inflammation. They also provide vitamins E, A, and B6, promoting overall health in dogs.
• Potential Health Risks The risks include potential weight gain, pancreatitis due to high fat content, and persin toxicity. Symptoms of toxicity include gastrointestinal upset, breathing difficulties, and fluid accumulation around the heart.

Avocado Meal in Canine Diets

What is avocado meal?

• Avocado meal refers to the ground or processed form of avocado, often made from the dried remnants of the fruit after the oil has been extracted. This meal is typically used as an ingredient in various products, including animal feed and dietary supplements. In the context of dog food, avocado meal may be included as a source of fiber, vitamins, and healthy fats.

A study investigated avocado meal as a dietary fiber source in extruded canine diets, finding it comparable to cellulose in digestibility and fecal characteristics. The researchers found that processing avocado meal during kibble production seemed to destroy and inactivate persin, making the resulting product safe for dogs. The study concluded that dogs could maintain good health with a diet containing avocado meal over a certain period.

Alternatives to Avocados

For safer nutritional options, consider foods like apples, carrots, and pumpkin, which offer similar benefits without the risks associated with avocados.

What about Avocado Oil?

While the fruit itself has its complexities, avocado oil presents a simpler case. Avocado oil is generally considered safe for dogs to ingest. Unlike the whole avocado, which contains the pit, skin, and leaves that can be harmful due to the presence of persin, avocado oil is extracted from the flesh of the fruit and is typically free of persin. It retains the beneficial monounsaturated fats and can be a healthy addition to a dog’s diet when used in moderation.